乌鲁木齐土地利用碳排放强度时空演变研究

[目的]土地利用二氧化碳排放强度是土地低碳利用的重要指标,对其时空调控是协同促进城市二氧化碳排放总量达峰的重要路径。[方法]文章研究基于乌鲁木齐市2005年和2012年1km高空间分辨率排放网格数据(CHRED)和土地利用矢量数据,采用GIS空间分析法,探讨乌鲁木齐市7个城区土地利用二氧化碳排放强度的时空演变特征。[结果](1)从时间上看,乌鲁木齐市7个城区的土地利用变化整体表现为"5增2减"的现象;二氧化碳排放总量从3 431.49万t上升到5 147.96万t,其中以城镇村及工矿用地二氧化碳排放增长最大,由2005年的2 885.15万t增加到2012年的4 139.15万t。(2)从空间上来看,城市向北部和东南部扩展明显,未利用地和耕地迅速减少,城市扩展区的二氧化碳排放量有明显增加;中心城区和城市扩展区二氧化碳排放强度上升最快。(3)从土地利用转移上看,土地利用结构的变化明显,整体呈现草地、耕地和未利用地向城镇村及工矿用地、交通用地、园林地和水域等类型转移。草地、耕地和未利用地向城镇村及工矿用地转移导致的碳排放强度增长最显著,均超过700万t/万hm~2。[结论]绿洲城市不同的土地利用类型二氧化碳排放强度时空差异较为显著,其中城镇村及工矿用地扩张是导致二氧化碳排放增长的主要原因之一。因此,合理控制绿洲城市扩张规模,优化城市用地布局,建立土地利用二氧化碳排放强度核算体系与综合调控政策,将是促进低碳城市建设的重要路径。     

基于POI提取的山地丘陵区乡村旅游空间分布研究*——以重庆市农家乐为例

［目的］通过大数据研究山地丘陵区乡村旅游的空间分布现状及规律，为乡村旅游规划提供参考借鉴。［方法］基于POI抓取技术，以2018年9月抓取到的重庆市1 644家农家乐为研究对象，结合各种地理基础数据资料，借助GIS分析手段，采用最近邻指数、K函数、核密度估计、Getis Ord Gi*热点分析和Moran′s I指数对重庆市农家乐空间分布特征进行研究。［结果］（1）重庆市农家乐分布整体呈现显著聚集趋势，空间自相关性显著； 主城区为聚集—随机分布，空间自相关性不显著； （2）市域范围农家乐聚集程度随空间尺度的增大而增强，主城区特征空间尺度为2139km； （3）农家乐在中部主城区集中连片分布，在主城外零散分布； （4）全市农家乐分布热点区域集中在中南部； （5）7044%的农家乐分布在距城市中心120km的范围内； （6）767%的农家乐分布在A级景区周边10km范围内，且倾向于分布在自然类景区和高等级景区周边； （7）中海拔地区为农家乐分布的主要区域。［结论］提出针对性的改善建议，以优化农家乐产业布局，促进乡村旅游发展与生态文明建设充分结合，更好助力乡村振兴。     

后危机视野下福建省经济格局演变及其影响机制

［目的］后危机时代是目前我国各地区经济发展面对的一个巨大变量，也是近年来区域经济发展关注的焦点话题。［方法］选取福建省县域经济的5项指标作为解释变量，利用探索性空间分析方法和地理加权回归模型，对2010—2015年福建省县域经济格局及其驱动机制进行探讨。［结果］（1）总体上看，福建省经济空间格局变化较小，呈现东南高西北低的态势，重心向福州、莆田地区转移，省内发展均质化与极化现象并存；（2）产业结构调整与城镇化水平提升主导省内经济重心在东西方向上的移动，两者的空间格局具有相似性；（3）创新投入与金融零售业的变化主导了经济重心南北向的移动，其与各市县的经济基础和产业调整政策密切相关。［结论］在后危机时代福建省需根据市场特征推进区域协同发展、实现产业结构调整、促进区域共同富裕； 地方经济政策应与自身经济发展特征相适应，实现区域经济可持续发展。     

Land price diffusion across borders – the case of Germany

ABSTRACT

Land market regulations are often justified by the assumption that activities of foreign and non-agricultural investors drive up prices in domestic land markets. However, empirical knowledge about the dynamics of agricultural land prices across borders is sparse. Using the German reunification as a natural experiment, we study the effect of the former inner German border on the dynamics of agricultural land prices in East and West Germany. We apply a land price diffusion model with an error correction specification to analyse spatial agricultural land markets. A novel feature of our model is its ability to distinguish price diffusion within states and across state borders. We provide evidence for a persistent border effect given that the fraction of spatially integrated counties is larger within states than across the former border. Moreover, we observe non-significant error correction terms for many counties along the former border. From a policy perspective, it is striking to realize that even 25 years after German reunification, pronounced land price differences persist. It is quite likely that price diffusion through existing borders within the EU would take even more time given language barriers, different institutional frameworks, and information asymmetries between domestic and foreign market participants.     

The long breadth of cities: revisiting worldwide urbanization patterns, 1950–2030

ABSTRACT

A comparative analysis of population dynamics worldwide contributes to profile distinctive demographic and economic trajectories of urban growth, discriminating processes of settlement concentration or dispersion under sequential cycles of urbanization. However, a wide-ranging characterization of urban cycles based on demographic dynamics worldwide is still missing. The present work is aimed at filling such a gap analysing long-term changes (1950–2030) in annual population growth rate of 1691 urban agglomerations with more than 300,000 inhabitants in 74 world countries. Results of this study indicate that metropolitan growth worldwide was associated with largely variable rates of population growth, highly positive before 2000 and progressively reducing over recent decades. Despite important differences at continental (and country) scale, demographic expansion of urban agglomerations showed two contrasting phases with a break point in the 1980s denoting a progressive reduction in spatial heterogeneity of population growth rates and a moderate slowdown in demographic dynamics. Intensity of urban expansion and spatial heterogeneity in population growth rates across metropolitan agglomerations evidences a trade-off between fast and slow demographic dynamics. These findings can be better understood to support theories of sequential city growth, making a suitable contribution to policy making, especially in countries where urban population is expanding more rapidly.     

Life Course Perspective on Economic Shocks and Income Inequality Through Age-Period-Cohort Analysis: Evidence From Finland

Utilizing age-period-cohort analysis, this paper examines the development of income distribution across periodic economic fluctuations in relation to cohorts and age groups. The empirical analysis is based on the Finnish Income Distribution Statistics and Household Expenditure Surveys covering the period of 1966–2015. The findings suggest that the period and cohort effects can be identified as the main effects on relative income, while the age effects have no meaningful impact when the control variables are taken into account. This result reveals a connection between the effects of economic shocks and cohort placement on labor market entry. Additionally, absolute income analysis suggests that economic shocks create stagnation points in income development, which are especially detrimental to cohorts who are transitioning into labor markets. Additionally, middle-income attainment has not changed due to periodic shocks but rather is related to inter-cohort inequalities and relative income differences, where the baby boomer generation is a clear winner.     

A Stochastic Model with Penalized Coefficients for Spatial Price Comparisons: An Application to Regional Price Indexes in Italy

This paper focuses on a new strand of research that uses stochastic approach for making spatial price comparisons. We propose a novel method to account for the presence of spatial dependencies in consumer prices and consequently in price indexes by imposing penalization conditions on the estimation of traditional CPD models leading to the spatially-penalized country-product-dummy (SP-CPD) model. The paper proposes an appropriate estimation strategy, which enables us to simultaneously estimate all the parameters in the model, including the smoothing parameter of the penalization term instead of determining it externally. In order to estimate spatial price indexes for areas lacking in price data, we suggest applying the kriging methodology to the price indexes obtained from the SP-CPD model. This new approach is applied to official Italian CPI data for constructing regional spatial price indexes for 2014. The results show that price levels are higher in the Northern-Central regions than in the South.     

城镇群空间结构与要素集聚

依据城镇化发展过程中要素空间集聚理论，展开区域经济发展的空间经济结构研究。通过城市引力、克鲁格曼指数计算，比较分析城镇群内部城市吸引力和城市产业分布的差异性，通过人口与生产空间分布集中度指标和不一致系数的测算，分析了山西省城镇群空间要素集聚效应。研究表明，山西省的城镇群规划与要素空间集聚趋势整体一致，城市间产业分工体系基本形成，城镇群的要素集聚效应明显，但人口与生产分布仍存在不一致性。研究认为，山西省城镇群发展应该继续明确各城市的产业分工和特色，引导劳动力和资本要素的合理流动，实现人口与生产空间分布的一致。     

Polycentric development in the Cape Town city-region: Empirical assessment and consideration of spatial policy implications

The concept of the ‘polycentric urban region’ has been popularised both as a theoretical concept for understanding regional urban systems in an era of reduced transport and communication costs, and as a normative policy objective in its own right. This paper explores its relevance to the rapidly urbanising Cape Town city-region. First, empirical evidence for the emergence of polycentric regional development patterns was considered. Shifts in relative settlements sizes (morphological polycentrism) over the period 1991–2011 were examined using population data, and patterns of inter-settlement interactions (functional polycentrism) were explored by analysing commuting information. Contrary to expectations, trends toward polycentric development were found to be weak. Second, the paper considers the relevance and value of polycentric development thinking for regional economic and spatial planning policy, concluding that there are insufficient grounds for policy intervention aimed at encouraging polycentric regional development or countering the dominance of Cape Town in the region.